{"id":7313,"date":"2022-07-10T20:56:36","date_gmt":"2022-07-10T17:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/technological-structure-of-the-foreign-trade-between-turkey-and-the-eu\/"},"modified":"2022-06-06T13:59:55","modified_gmt":"2022-06-06T10:59:55","slug":"technological-structure-of-the-foreign-trade-between-turkey-and-the-eu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/technological-structure-of-the-foreign-trade-between-turkey-and-the-eu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye-AB Aras\u0131nda D\u0131\u015f Ticaretin Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye-AB Aras\u0131nda D\u0131\u015f Ticaretin Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

Giri\u015f <\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cihracata dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d modeli \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fcnya ekonomisine teknoloji i\u00e7eri\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sekt\u00f6rlerde eklemlenirken, sonraki y\u0131llarda uygulanan politikalar \u00fcretimin ve ihracat\u0131n teknoloji d\u00fczeyini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmede s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f, bunun sonucunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131n\u0131n teknolojik d\u00fczeyi esas olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta teknolojilere dayal\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye ile AB aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u0131\u015f ticaretin teknolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 incelemeyi ama\u00e7layan bu yaz\u0131 k\u0131sa \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm alt\u0131nda kurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde AB\u2019nin yeri birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelenirken, ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn konusunu T\u00fcrkiye-AB aras\u0131ndaki d\u0131\u015f ticaretin teknolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131na yer verilmektedir. <\/b><\/p>\n

1. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin D\u0131\u015f Ticaretinde AB\u2019nin Yeri<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde AB\u2019nin yerini g\u00f6steren Tablo 1 incelendi\u011finde, gerek ihracat ve gerekse de ithalat parametrelerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde AB\u2019nin g\u00f6reli \u00f6neminin G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015f\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenmektedir. 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda AB-27 \u00fclkelerinin T\u00fcrkiye ithalat\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde %55.7 olan ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131n zamanla \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015f\u0131narak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %37 oran\u0131na geriledi\u011fi, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n ise %54.1 oran\u0131ndan %38.8 oran\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u0131n ithalattan daha tempolu artmas\u0131 sonucunda AB ile yap\u0131lan ticarette ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 1996-2012 d\u00f6neminde %51.7\u2019den %67.7 oran\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, 1997-2012 aras\u0131nda AB-27 \u00fclkelerine yap\u0131lan ihracat y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama %11.2 oran\u0131nda artarken, ithalat y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama %10.3 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015f, bunun sonucunda ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Mutlak de\u011ferler olarak incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda 12,563 milyon dolar iken, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde %372 oran\u0131nda artarak 12,563 milyon dolardan 59,241 milyon dolara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. \u0130thalat ise ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde %260 oran\u0131nda artarak 24,321 milyon dolardan 87,446 milyon dolara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ile AB-27 \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u0131\u015f ticaretin geli\u015fimi genel olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin son y\u0131llarda toplam ithalat\u0131nda meydana gelen art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nden yap\u0131lan ithalattan kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkelerden, \u00f6zellikle de Asya \u00fclkelerinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (E\u015fiyok, 2012: 79). Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcmr\u00fckler \u00fczerindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellemekte, bu da Asya \u00fclkelerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7 pazar\u0131n\u0131 ucuz maliyetli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle istila etmesine ve artan d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Tablo<\/a>
Tablo 1: T\u00fcrkiye D\u0131\u015f Ticaretinde AB\u2019nin Yeri
Kaynak: T\u00dc\u0130K veri taban\u0131ndan hareketle olu\u015fturuldu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2. D\u0131\u015f Ticaretin Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere AB\u2019nin merkezinde yer alan \u00fclkeler \u00fcretim yap\u0131lar\u0131 itibariyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojilerine sahip \u00fclkelerden olu\u015fmakta, AB\u2019nin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturan \u00fclkeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri sanayi devrimleri sonucunda teknolojide \u00f6nemli at\u0131l\u0131mlar yaparak ABD ve Japonya ile birlikte en b\u00fcy\u00fck teknolojik g\u00fcc\u00fc olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u0131n teknolojik d\u00fczeyinin ortaya konmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ile AB aras\u0131ndaki uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin niteli\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. D\u0131\u015f ticaret kuram\u0131 orta ve uzun d\u00f6nemde d\u0131\u015f ticaret hadlerinin birinci mallar\u0131n aleyhine dayal\u0131 geli\u015fece\u011fini\u00a0 (Prebish, 1950; Singer, 1950) ve bu \u00fcretim ve ihracat yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip \u00fclkelerin zamanla fakirle\u015ferek b\u00fcy\u00fcyece\u011fini<\/i><\/b> (Bhagwati, 1958:201-205) ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

2.1. \u0130hracat\u0131n Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u0131n teknolojik d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6steren Tablo 2 incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u0131n esas olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck profilli \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknolojilere\u201d dayal\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fi, \u201cy\u00fcksek teknoloji\u201d ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda iki ucu temsil eden \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u201d ve \u201cy\u00fcksek\u201d\u00a0 teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin ihracat pay\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji\u00a0 (%36.0), y\u00fcksek teknoloji (%4.8).<\/p>\n

\"Tablo<\/a>
Tablo 2 : Teknolojik D\u00fczeyine G\u00f6re Sekt\u00f6rel \u0130hracat Paylar\u0131 (%)
Kaynak: OECD S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131ndan ve T\u00dc\u0130K veri taban\u0131ndan hareketle kendi hesaplamam\u0131z<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin iki geleneksel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc (tekstil ve giyim e\u015fyas\u0131) sekt\u00f6rleri yer almakta, bu iki sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %25.9 olan toplam ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n zaman i\u00e7erisinde artarak %27.8 oran\u0131na y\u00fckseldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli geleneksel s\u00f6z konusu iki sekt\u00f6r yan\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan di\u011fer geleneksel bir sekt\u00f6r de g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve i\u00e7ecek sekt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %3.9 olan ihracat pay\u0131 zamanla artarak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %4.8 oran\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan di\u011fer temel bir kategori de \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknoloji\u201d sekt\u00f6rlerinden olu\u015fan kategoridir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracatta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknolojilerin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %24.1 olan ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n zaman i\u00e7erisinde a\u015f\u0131narak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %22.5 oran\u0131na geriledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknoloji ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde en temel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ana metal sanayi olu\u015fturmakta, s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %7.9 olan ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %6.8 oran\u0131na geriledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji\u201d i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin tersine, \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknoloji\u201d kategorisinde ihracat yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ihracat paylar\u0131n\u0131n sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rece dengeli da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne yap\u0131lan ihracatta orta-y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %38 olan ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n ise zamanla g\u00f6rece a\u015f\u0131narak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %36.6 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi saptanmaktad\u0131r. Bu kategoride temel sekt\u00f6r motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131t\u0131, r\u00f6mork ve yar\u0131-r\u00f6mork sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olup, s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %24.2 olan ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n zamanla a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %20.2 gibi hala y\u00fcksek bir d\u00fczeyde bulundu\u011fu saptanmaktad\u0131r. Bu grupta yer alan di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bir sekt\u00f6r de ba\u015fka yerde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f makine ve te\u00e7hizat imalat\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %7.8 olan ihracat pay\u0131 1.1 puan artarak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %8.9\u2019a y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, \u201cOrta-y\u00fcksek teknoloji\u201d kategorisinde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u0131n temel olarak iki sekt\u00f6rde ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak da motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131t\u0131, r\u00f6mork ve yar\u0131-r\u00f6mork \u00fcretimi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde meydana geldi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu grupta yer alan sekt\u00f6rlerden %1\u2019in \u00fczerinde ihracat pay\u0131na sahip di\u011fer bir sekt\u00f6r de ana kimyasal maddeler sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olup, di\u011fer hi\u00e7bir sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ihracat pay\u0131 %1\u2019in \u00fczerinde bulunmamaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracatta en temel kategorileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, orta-y\u00fcksek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, teknoloji i\u00e7eri\u011fi en y\u00fcksek sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle %4.8 ile marjinal d\u00fczeyde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Toplam ihracat i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle %36, y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin ihracat pay\u0131n\u0131n ise %4.8 olmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik ihracat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta profilli sekt\u00f6rlerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu, bu iki yap\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u0131\u015f ticaretin niteliksel olarak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2.2. \u0130thalat\u0131n Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin teknolojik d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re AB-27 \u00fclkelerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131n sekt\u00f6rel ithalat paylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren Tablo 3 incelendi\u011finde, AB-27\u2019den yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli (harc\u0131- alem sekt\u00f6rlerden olu\u015fan) ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131n %10 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, en temel ithalat\u00e7\u0131 iki sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve i\u00e7ecek sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ile birlikte ka\u011f\u0131t ve ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6rlerinden olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat i\u00e7erisinde, geleneksel sekt\u00f6rlerden tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131n 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %1.6 d\u00fczeyinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi izlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"Tablo<\/a>
Tablo 3: Teknolojik D\u00fczeyine G\u00f6re Sekt\u00f6rel \u0130thalat Paylar\u0131 (%)
Kaynak: OECD S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131ndan ve T\u00dc\u0130K veri taban\u0131ndan hareketle kendi hesaplamam\u0131z.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin ithalat paylar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r grubunun ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131n \u00bc civar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi, bu grupta yap\u0131lan ithalata en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131n\u0131n ana metal sanayi ile birlikte kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve rafine edilmi\u015f petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6rleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu iki sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle toplam ithalat pay\u0131 %18.4 gibi g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek bir oranda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131n %50\u2019den fazlas\u0131n\u0131 orta-y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu grup i\u00e7erisinde iki temel ithalat\u00e7\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131t\u0131, r\u00f6mork ve yar\u0131-r\u00f6mork \u00fcretimi ile ba\u015fka yerde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f makine ve te\u00e7hizat sekt\u00f6rleri oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat pay\u0131 s\u0131rlamas\u0131nda en temel sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 ve yar\u0131-r\u00f6mork \u00fcretimi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn (2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ihracat pay\u0131 %20.2 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir) geldi\u011fi (s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ithalat\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa),sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesine katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalatta,\u00a0 ithalat pay\u0131 en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kategoriler aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rler ile y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rler gelmektedir. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-27 \u00fclkelerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin ithalat pay\u0131 %10.6 olup, bu ithalat pay\u0131na en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131n\u0131n eczac\u0131l\u0131kta ve t\u0131pta kullan\u0131lan kimyasal ve bitkisel kaynakl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler sekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0 %2.6 \u00a0ithalat pay\u0131 ile t\u0131bbi aletler, hassas ve optik aletler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn izledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

2.3. D\u0131\u015f Ticaret Dengesinin Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Teknoloji d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye ile AB-27 aras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesini (net ihracat\u00e7\u0131 ve net ithalat\u00e7\u0131 sekt\u00f6rleri) g\u00f6steren Tablo 0 incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sadece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerde net ihracat\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011fu, di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 kategoride ise net ithalat\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011fu izlenmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda net ithalat\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6r kategorilerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda orta-y\u00fcksek teknoloji kategorisi gelmekte, s\u00f6z konusu sekt\u00f6r grubunun 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda 15,2 milyar dolar olan net ithalat de\u011ferinin zamanla artarak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda 22,8 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi\u011fi saptanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerde 13,2 milyar net ihracat\u00e7\u0131 iken, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde net ihracat de\u011feri 12,1 milyar dolara d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"Tablo<\/a>
Tablo 4: Teknolojik D\u00fczeyine G\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye AB Aras\u0131nda D\u0131\u015f Ticaret Dengesi (Milyar $)
Kaynak: Kendi hesaplamam\u0131z.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrkiye ile AB aras\u0131ndaki d\u0131\u015f ticaret ili\u015fkisi tipik bir metropol-\u00e7evre \u00fclkesi aras\u0131ndaki d\u0131\u015f ticaret ili\u015fkisine benzemekte, T\u00fcrkiye teknoloji i\u00e7eri\u011fi y\u00fcksek sekt\u00f6rlerde (d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerde) net ithalat\u00e7\u0131 iken, yerli \u00fcretim katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerde) ise net ihracat\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/p>\n

3. Sonu\u00e7<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ile AB aras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f ticaretin teknolojik profili incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131nda en temel kategoriyi \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u201d ve \u201corta-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u201d teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 bulgular\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojilerin ihracat pay\u0131 %36.0 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken, orta-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojilerin ihracat pay\u0131 %36.6 oran\u0131nda tespit edilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin y\u00fcksek teknoloji ihra\u00e7 pay\u0131n\u0131n ise %4.8 oran\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkelerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131n teknolojik profili incelendi\u011finde ise, temel olarak orta-y\u00fcksek teknolojilere dayal\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fi, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle s\u00f6z konusu kategorinin ithalat pay\u0131n\u0131n %53.8 gibi y\u00fcksek bir seviyede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. AB\u2019ne yap\u0131lan ihracat\u0131n aksine, ithalatta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojilerin pay\u0131 son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bulunmakta, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %10.1 ithalat pay\u0131 ile en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kategoriyi olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz bu sonu\u00e7 y\u00fcksek teknolojilere dayal\u0131 \u00fcretim yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip geli\u015fmi\u015f AB \u00fclkeleri ile a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta teknoloji i\u00e7erikli sekt\u00f6rlerde uzmanla\u015fan T\u00fcrkiye gibi geli\u015fmekte olan bir ekonominin d\u0131\u015f ticaret profilinin do\u011fal bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda AB \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik ihracat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde teknolojide sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmelerle ilgili olacakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 verdi\u011fi teknoloji i\u00e7eri\u011fi g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek sekt\u00f6rlerde net ihracat\u00e7\u0131 olmas\u0131 ancak imalat sanayinin \u00fcretim yap\u0131s\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck katma de\u011fer \u00fcreten sekt\u00f6rlerden y\u00fcksek katma de\u011fer \u00fcreten sekt\u00f6rlere y\u00f6nelik bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ise, ancak haz\u0131rlanacak bir sanayile\u015fme stratejisine ve bu stratejinin merkezine teknoloji politikalar\u0131n\u0131 koyan yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131ma ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

B. Ali E\u015fiyok,\u00a0K\u0131demli Uzman \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Makaleyi \u015fu \u015fekilde referans vererek kullanabilirsiniz:<\/span>
\nE\u015fiyok, B. Ali (A\u011fustos, 2013), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye-AB Aras\u0131nda D\u0131\u015f Ticaretin Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131\u201d, Cilt II, Say\u0131 6, s.54-60,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Politika ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi (AnalizT\u00fcrkiye), Londra: Analiz T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0<\/em>(http:\/\/researchturkey.org\/dev\/?p=3980&lang=tr)<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/b><\/p>\n

Bhagwati, Jagdish; (1958), \u201cImmiserizing Growth: A Geometrical Note\u201d, Review of Economic Studies<\/i>, June , s. 201-205.
\nE\u015fiyok, \u00a0B.Ali; (2012), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisinde Cari A\u00e7\u0131k Sorunu ve Nedenleri\u201d, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar,<\/i> Say\u0131: 569, s.63-86.
\nOECD (2011), ISIC Rev.3 Technology Intensity Definition, OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry<\/i>, Economic Analysis and Statistic Division.
\nPerebisch, Raul; (1950), “The Economic Development of Latin American and Its Principal Problems” (Lake Success, NY: United Nations, Depertmant of Economic Affairs), Reprinted in Economic Bulletin for Latin America<\/i>, 7(1962), p:1-22.
\nSinger, Hans W; (1950), “The Distribution of Gains between Investing and Borrowing Countries”, The<\/i> American Economic Review<\/i>, Volume 40, pp.473-485.
\nwww.tuik.gov.tr<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye-AB Aras\u0131nda D\u0131\u015f Ticaretin Teknolojik Yap\u0131s\u0131 Giri\u015f T\u00fcrkiye 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cihracata dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d modeli \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fcnya ekonomisine teknoloji i\u00e7eri\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sekt\u00f6rlerde eklemlenirken, sonraki y\u0131llarda uygulanan politikalar \u00fcretimin ve ihracat\u0131n teknoloji d\u00fczeyini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmede s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f, bunun sonucunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131n\u0131n teknolojik d\u00fczeyi esas olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta teknolojilere dayal\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye ile AB aras\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":241,"featured_media":7262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[214,204],"tags":[205,206,207,208,209],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7313"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/241"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7313"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7313\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8694,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7313\/revisions\/8694"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7262"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7313"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7313"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7313"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}