<\/p>\n
Arka Plan<\/b><\/p>\n
Avrupal\u0131la\u015fma literat\u00fcr\u00fc son zamanlarda adayl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinin aday \u00fclkeler \u00fczerindeki etkilerine dair \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da b\u00fcnyesine ekledi ve baz\u0131 akademisyenler AB\u2019nin \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelere etkisinin kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulundular. (Goetz 2005; Grabbe 2001; Schimmelfennig\/ Sedelmeier 2005). Ancak bu model a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 ili\u015fkileri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor ve hedef \u00fclkelerdeki h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin AB \u00fcyeli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Avrupa modeline uyum \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Bu g\u00f6zlemler AB \u00fcyeli\u011fine aday olan T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli. T\u00fcrkiye-AB ili\u015fkileri g\u00fcndemi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kopenhag Kriterleri\u2019ni yerine getirmekteki makro politik yetersizlikleriyle (Diez et al<\/i> 2005) me\u015fgul olageldi ve analiz a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak kurumsal d\u00fczeyde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu makale, bu analizi daha ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve AB\u2019nin, \u00f6zellikle \u00a0devam eden ama engellenmi\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sivil toplumu ve politikas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Avrupa Birli\u011fi m\u00fcktesebat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 sivil toplumun devletle olan ili\u015fkisinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesine olanak tan\u0131yor; AB\u2019nin fon sa\u011flama kapasitesi, sivil toplumun in\u015fas\u0131 ve AB politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 sivil toplum i\u00e7in politik alan\u0131 geni\u015fletiyor. (Kutter and Trappman 2010; B\u00f6rzel 2010a; Knodt 2001; B\u00f6rzel\/Buzog\u00e1ny 2010b; B\u00f6rzel\/Buzog\u00e1ny; 2010c). Sonu\u00e7 olarak, b\u00f6ylesi de\u011fi\u015fimler \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecindeki \u00fclkelerde sivil toplumu g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyor ve politikalar\u0131n kabul edilmesi ile y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmas\u0131nda potansiyel kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Avrupa Birli\u011fi m\u00fcktesebat\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n resmi mekanizmalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ninpolitik ortam\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. AB\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum-devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131ndaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkisinin onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131 akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra (Keyman\/ Icduygu 2003; Kubicek 2005; Diez et al<\/i> 2005) sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de (STK\u2019lar) AB\u2019nin sivil toplum \u00fczerindeki olumlu etkisini onayl\u0131yorlar. CIVICUS Sivil Toplum \u0130ndeksi T\u00fcrkiye \u00fclke raporuna (2006, 2011) AB\u2019nin STK yasa ve d\u00fczenlemelerine etkisinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, STK\u2019lar\u0131n kapasitesini ve sivil toplum-devlet ili\u015fkilerini g\u00f6sterge olarak ekleyen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm ekledi. Sonu\u00e7lar, STK\u2019lar\u0131n genel olarak bu farkl\u0131 alanlarda AB\u2019nin olumlu etkisini onaylad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Dahas\u0131, AB dayana\u011f\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum nicel anlamda kayda de\u011fer miktarda b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n aktif dernekler \u00fczerine istatiklerine g\u00f6re 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 97,686 adet aktif dernek bulunuyor; bu say\u0131 2000\u2019de sadece 60,931 idi. Ayr\u0131ca, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 2004 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki 4 milyondan, 2012\u2019de 8 milyona ula\u015ft\u0131[1].<\/p>\n
Takip eden b\u00f6l\u00fcmler \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecindeki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sivil topluma y\u00f6nelik AB\u2019nin politika mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 boyutta inceleyecek: politik-kurumsal altyap\u0131, kapasite in\u015fas\u0131 ve yatay ili\u015fkiler. Ayr\u0131ca, bu makale yak\u0131n gelecekte AB\u2019nin politik g\u00fcndeminin T\u00fcrk sivil toplumu i\u00e7in ne y\u00f6ne evrilebilece\u011fini k\u0131saca tart\u0131\u015facak.<\/p>\n
Politik-Kurumsal Altyap\u0131 <\/b><\/p>\n
AB\u2019nin \u00fcye aday\u0131 \u00fclkelere y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131 temelde AB\u2019nin geni\u015fleme hususundaki ko\u015fulsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Aday \u00fclkenin AB \u00fcyeli\u011fine kabul edilmesi Kopenhag Kriterlerini tamamen kar\u015f\u0131lamalar\u0131na (demokratik \u015fart) ve AB m\u00fcktesebat\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmelerine (m\u00fcktesebat \u015fart\u0131) ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r (Schimmelfennig\/Sedelmeier 2004). Aday \u00fclkeler AB \u00fcyeli\u011finin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmeyi bir kez kabul ettikten sonra geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yoktur. \u0130lk olarak, AB uyumsuzlu\u011fun (milli d\u00fczenlemelerin AB d\u00fczenlemelerinden farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) derecesine karar verir. \u00c7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle, AB yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00fcyeli\u011fini tamamlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun politik ortam\u0131 belirler ve sonu\u00e7ta AB liderli\u011finde devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7 yerel politik ortam \u00fczerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir etkiye sahip olur. Do\u011frudan versiyonda, AB\u2019nin ko\u015fulsall\u0131k yoluyla T\u00fcrk sivil toplumunun politik \u00e7evresine do\u011frudan bir m\u00fcdahalesi oldu. Bu durumun, anla\u015fman\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi ve politikan\u0131n organizasyonuyla ilgili resmi h\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 anla\u015fmalar dayatmas\u0131 yoluyla politikan\u0131n d\u00fczenlenme bi\u00e7imi ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck politika olu\u015fturma rutini \u00fczerinde etkileri oldu.<\/p>\n
AB politik ko\u015fulsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk devletini sivil toplum lehine politik ortam\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye zorlad\u0131. AB, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden sivil toplum geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in minimum gerekliliklerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti. S\u00fcrecin geli\u015fimi \u00f6zellikle Kopenhag Kriterleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sivil toplumun durumuna bak\u0131larak de\u011ferlendirildi. AB-T\u00fcrkiye ili\u015fkisinde en \u00f6nemli itici g\u00fc\u00e7 1999\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye AB \u00fcye adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pozisyonun verilmesi olmu\u015ftu. 2000 ve 2005 seneleri aras\u0131nda, reform s\u00fcreci tepe noktas\u0131ndayken, devlet ve sivil toplum ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyen yasal temeller de dahil olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fim hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015fti; 2004 senesine kadar dernek yasalar\u0131 g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti (liberalle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.) (G\u00f6ksel \/G\u00fcne\u015f 2005; Kubicek 2011). Di\u011fer yandan, 2008\u2019e dek, Dernek ve Vak\u0131flar Kanunu\u2019na eklemeler yap\u0131larak dernek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015f, sivil toplum ortam\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu yeni d\u00fczenlemeler kurulma ve fon sa\u011flama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan derneklerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Yasal \u00e7er\u00e7evedeki iyile\u015ftirmelere ra\u011fmen, AB 2013 \u0130lerleme Raporu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma, bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yay\u0131nlama hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, g\u00f6sterilerin \u00f6nceden bildirilmesinin zorunlu tutulmas\u0131 ve g\u00f6sterilerin polisin orant\u0131s\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131yla kesilmesi gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil topluma y\u00f6nelik yasan\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 yorumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rneklerini sundu.<\/p>\n
AB, devlet-sivil toplum i\u015fbirli\u011finin \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin idaresi konusunda g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinin gereklili\u011fine tekrar tekrar de\u011findi (The EU Progress Report, 2008; 2010). T\u00dcSEV (2011) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma da g\u00fcncel s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n yasalardan ziyade yasalar\u0131n uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stererek sivil toplum-devlet ili\u015fkisinin p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 onayl\u0131yor. Rapor, AB entegrasyon s\u00fcrecinin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 karar alma\u00a0 mekanizmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet gelene\u011finin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir uyumsuzluk i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu savunuyor. 2013 AB \u0130lerleme Raporu, STK\u2019larla kal\u0131c\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dan\u0131\u015fma\/g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere olanak sa\u011flayan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bir mekanizma yasalarda tan\u0131mlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, , sivil toplumun politika olu\u015fturma d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici bir temelde oldu\u011funu belirtir.<\/p>\n
5 Nisan \u2013 30 May\u0131s 2010 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye genelinde yap\u0131lan 12 toplant\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk kamu yetkilileri ve \u00a0T\u00fcrk Sivil Toplumuyla yap\u0131lan elektronik dan\u0131\u015fmadan olu\u015fan a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fczakere s\u00fcreci sonunda yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa Komisyonu, 2011-2015 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sivil Toplumun Geli\u015fmesine Y\u00f6nelik Avrupa Komisyonu Deste\u011fi i\u00e7in yol g\u00f6sterici ilkeleri kabul etti [2]. Bu metin, \u00e7ok-y\u0131ll\u0131k stratejik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimseyerek, a\u00e7\u0131k olarak hedefleri, muhtemel Avrupa Komisyonu hamlelerini ve de\u011ferlendirme kriterlerini belirleyecektir[3]. \u00d6zellikle de, bu belgenin ana motivasyonu politika olu\u015fturma a\u015famalar\u0131na sivil toplum kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyelik s\u00fcreci \u00fczerinde muhtemel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtiyor. \u00c7e\u015fitli kaynaklar, sivil toplum ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri y\u00f6netecek resmi kurumsal mekanizmalar\u0131n eksikli\u011finin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcrecine sivil toplumun kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fini onayl\u0131yor[4]. AB destekli Sivil Toplum Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in Teknik Destek (TACSO) projesinin takvimindeki aktiviteler AB\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum-devlet ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyecek bir davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesi haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 konusuna \u00f6zellikle e\u011fildi\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor[5].<\/p>\n
Kapasite-\u0130n\u015fas\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0AB, finansal destek, e\u011fitim ve teknik yard\u0131m sa\u011flayarak ve onlar\u0131n aday \u00fclkelerin s\u00fcregelen yasalar\u0131 uyumla\u015ft\u0131rma ve uygulama s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayarak sivil toplum kapasitesi in\u015fa etmeyi ama\u00e7lar. \u00a0Kat\u0131l\u0131m \u00d6ncesi Yard\u0131m Arac\u0131 (IPA) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kopenhag Kriterlerini kar\u015f\u0131lama \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklerken, politik kriterlere, kurumsal kapasitenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine ve m\u00fcktesebat\u0131n kabul edilmesiyle alakal\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlara \u00f6zel vurgu yap\u0131yor. AB\u2019nin finansal yard\u0131m\u0131ndan sadece kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ya da T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda devlet-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan, i\u015fletme \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131, sendikalar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta boy i\u015fletmeler (KOB\u0130\u2019ler), dernekler, vak\u0131flar ve STK\u2019lar gibi programlar da yararlan\u0131yorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Demokrasi Ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Avrupa Giri\u015fimi (D\u0130HAG) T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerine odakland\u0131 ve mikro ve makro projelerle STK\u2019lar\u0131 destekledi; 2002 ve 2012 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda senelik b\u00fct\u00e7esi 2 milyon avrodan daha fazla olmak \u00fczere 100\u2019den fazla mikro ve makro proje uygulamaya kondu[6].<\/p>\n
\u201cSivil Toplum Arac\u0131\u201d (CSF) 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda finansal destek yoluyla sivil toplumu karar alma mekanizmalar\u0131na dahil etmek amac\u0131yla hayata ge\u00e7ti. CSF\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131k amac\u0131 sivil toplum-devlet diyalo\u011funu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek, sivil toplumun kamu sekt\u00f6r reformlar\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunma kapasitesini artt\u0131rarak ve STK\u2019lar\u0131n finansal kaynaklara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasiyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektir[7]. Bu olu\u015fum, kat\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde sivil toplumun politik diyalo\u011fa ve dan\u0131\u015fmaya dahil edilmesiyle ili\u015fkilendiren 2008-2009 y\u0131llar\u0131 Geni\u015fleme Stratejisine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6ncesi s\u00fcre\u00e7te sivil toplum kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrecin kalitesini ve devam eden d\u00fczenleme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7in kamu deste\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunuluyor. CSF, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda var olan ya da yeni kurulan ulusal, b\u00f6lgesel, yerel ve\/veya tematik platform ve STK a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n seslerini duyurma ve faaliyetleri \u00fczerinden kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki reform s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine etki sahibi olmalar\u0131 amac\u0131yla T\u00fcrk sivil toplumu i\u00e7in 1.75 milyon avro kaynak ay\u0131rd\u0131. Sivil toplum ortam\u0131n\u0131 etkin hale getirmek ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum kapasitesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla 2013 senesinde, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sivil Toplum Geli\u015fimi ve Sivil Toplum-Kamu \u0130\u015fbirli\u011finin G\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi\u201d adl\u0131 kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir proje ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu yap\u0131lanman\u0131n alt projelerinden biri kamu otoriteleri ve sivil toplum organizasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015f bir davran\u0131\u015f ilkeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesi olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekt\u00f6r Vakf\u0131 (T\u00dcSEV), Sivil Toplum Geli\u015ftirme Merkezi (STGM) ve YADA Vakf\u0131 gibi sivil toplum geli\u015ftirme alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f organizasyonlar da bu projenin uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndalar[8].\u00a0 Dahas\u0131, AB 2012 senesinde T\u00fcrkiye de dahil olmak \u00fczere, Bat\u0131 Balkan \u00fclkelerindeki STK\u2019lar\u0131n AB politikas\u0131 ve \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecine Avrupa ve ulusal seviyede dahil olabilmeleri i\u00e7in \u201cBalkan Sivil Toplum M\u00fcktesebat\u0131 \u2013 Sivil Toplum Geli\u015fimi Projesine Uygun \u00c7evrenin G\u00f6zlemlenmesi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir proje ba\u015flatt\u0131[9]. Projenin amac\u0131 alakal\u0131 konular\u0131n AB \u0130lerleme Raporuna dahil edilmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve STK\u2019lar\u0131n ulusal seviyede ve Avrupa seviyesinde karar verme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek[10] i\u00e7in sivil toplum geli\u015fimini takip etmek amac\u0131yla bir izleme mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yatay \u0130li\u015fkiler <\/b><\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi, AB devlet-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rlere pek \u00e7ok giri\u015f noktas\u0131 sunan \u00e7ok-katmanl\u0131 bir politik yap\u0131lanmad\u0131r. AB seviyesindeki kurumsal arenalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, AB seviyesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan platform ve a\u011flara \u00fcyelik arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla devlet-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rler uluslararas\u0131 seviyede yeni politik alanlar bulabiliyorlar (Sudbery, 2010). \u00a0Aday \u00fclkelere gelince, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik i\u00e7in AB do\u011frudan STK\u2019lar aras\u0131nda yatay ili\u015fkilerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Avrupa Komisyonu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin adayl\u0131k m\u00fczakerelerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan, 2005 senesinde, AB ve aday \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Sivil Toplum Diyalo\u011fu\u2019nu kabul etti. T\u00fcrkiye konusunda, Avrupa Komisyonu \u2019T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve dini \u00a0karakteristiklerinin yan\u0131nda n\u00fcfusu, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, co\u011frafi konumu, ekonomik, askeri ve emniyet potansiyeli\u2019 [11] g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131nca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nceki adayl\u0131klardan farkl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin hem T\u00fcrkiye hem de AB i\u00e7in zorlay\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi.<\/p>\n
Avrupa Komisyonu sivil toplum diyalo\u011funu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini devam ettirmesini tehlikeye sokan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyo-ekonomik ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n giderilmesi konusunda AB\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir dayanak noktas\u0131 olarak \u00f6nerdi[12]. Aday \u00fclkelerin toplumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ve AB \u00fcye \u00fclkelerinde oldu\u011fu kadar AB kurumlar\u0131nda da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir diyalog, devam eden s\u00fcreci tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde hibe programlar\u0131 ile destekleniyor. Daha \u00f6nceki sivil toplum diyalo\u011fu projelerinin devam\u0131 olarak, Sivil Toplum Diyalo\u011fu III hibe program\u0131 2013 senesinde ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131 ve politika ile medya tematik kriterleri alt\u0131nda fon sa\u011fl\u0131yor[13]. Politik Hibe program\u0131 STK\u2019lar\u0131n ulusal yasalar ve Avrupa yasalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n minimize edilmesi ve uygulanmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn \u00f6nemini kabul ediyor. Hibe planlar\u0131, AB \u00fcye \u00fclkeleri ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum akt\u00f6rleri aras\u0131nda politik kriterle alakal\u0131 konularda ileti\u015fimi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bilgi ile tecr\u00fcbe de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015funu ilerletme amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6ncelik alanlar\u0131 insan haklar\u0131, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, demokrasi ve yasa egemenli\u011fi olarak belirlendi. Benzer \u015fekilde, medya hibe program\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye ve AB \u00fcye \u00fclkelerindeki medya organizasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir diyalog yaratmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. Desteklenecek hibe projeleri T\u00fcrk medya sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve Avrupa\u2019daki muadilleri aras\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fine olanak verecek ve T\u00fcrk-AB ili\u015fkileri konusunda kamuda fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunacak. Sivil Toplum Arac\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 yap\u0131ta\u015f\u0131ndan biri olarak, \u0130nsan \u0130nsana (P2P) program\u0131 aday ve aday aday\u0131 \u00fclkelerin STK\u2019lar\u0131 ile Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ve kurumlar\u0131ndaki muadilleri aras\u0131nda AB ve \u00fcyelik s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131nda bilgi de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fuyla bilgilerini geli\u015ftirmelerini destekliyor[14]. \u0130nsan \u0130nsana\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici takviminde 21 aktivite belirlenmi\u015fti. Bu aktiviteler aras\u0131nda \u201cAday ve Aday Aday\u0131 \u00dclkelerde Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesi\u201d ve \u201cAB \u00dcyelik M\u00fczakerelerine Yeni Bir Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u201d getirilmesi gibi olu\u015fumlar da yer al\u0131yordu[15].\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/b><\/p>\n
Bu makale, AB \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplumun i\u015fleyi\u015f alanlar\u0131nda ne gibi de\u011fi\u015fimler yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inceledi. En ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, AB\u2019nin amac\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00fcyelik s\u00fcreci ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve muhtemel \u00fcyelik sonras\u0131nda kurallar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in sivil toplumun \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecine dahil olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasi mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir. Sivil toplum, yerel seviyede reform s\u00fcrecini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilecek bir g\u00fcvenlik a\u011f\u0131 ya da bask\u0131 grubu gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini tehlikeye sokan, s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131ndaki negatif alg\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ad\u0131na, sivil toplum Avrupa devletlerindeki muadilleriyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in desteklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Avrupa m\u00fcktesebat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan yasala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f reform paketleri, derneklerin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. AB \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin dernekler ve hay\u0131r kurulu\u015flar\u0131 yasas\u0131 \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan etkisi oldu\u011fu genel kabul g\u00f6ren bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ancak, dernek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve STK\u2019lar\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fine, yasalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndaki ciddi eksiklikler sebebiyle ancak k\u0131smen ula\u015f\u0131labilmi\u015ftir. AB son y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle dan\u0131\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n ve devlet-toplum ili\u015fkisini d\u00fczenleyen yasalar\u0131n eksikli\u011fini konu edindi. G\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki, gelecekteki \u00e7abalar da kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi konusuna odaklanacak. 2008 sonras\u0131nda, Sivil Toplum Arac\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabul\u00fcyle, AB \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin y\u00f6netimine sivil toplum kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen problemlerin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha sistematize bir yakla\u015f\u0131m edindi. \u00d6zellikle, 2011-2015 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sivil Toplumun Geli\u015fmesine Y\u00f6nelik Avrupa Komisyonu Deste\u011fi i\u00e7in yol g\u00f6sterici ilkelerin kabul\u00fc ve AB-destekli projelerin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin yava\u015flamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen AB\u2019nin giderek artan bir bi\u00e7imde sivil toplumun \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecine katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Son olarak, bu durumun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin adayl\u0131k s\u00fcrecine \u00f6zel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin ve muhtemel adaylar\u0131n \u00fcyelik s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dr. Sezin Dereci, Yerel Politika ve Savunuculuk Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekt\u00f6r Vakf\u0131 (T\u00dcSEV)<\/strong><\/p>\n Makaleyi \u015fu \u015fekilde referans vererek kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n Dereci, Sezin \u00a0(November, 2013),\u00a0\u201cAvrupal\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n T\u00fcrk Sivil Toplumu \u00dczerindeki Etkilerinin Yeniden De\u011ferlendirilmesi\u201d, Cilt II, Say\u0131 9, s.36-41,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Politika ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi (AnalizT\u00fcrkiye), Londra: Analiz T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0<\/em>(http:\/\/researchturkey.org\/?p=4511&lang=tr)<\/p>\n Kaynak\u00e7a<\/b><\/p>\n B\u00f6rzel, T. A. (2010a). \u201cWhy you don\u2019t always get what you want: EU Enlargement and Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe.\u201d Acta Politica <\/i>45: 1-10.<\/p>\n B\u00f6rzel, T. A.\/ A. Buzog\u00e1ny (2010b). \u201cGoverning EU accession in transition countries: The role of non-state actors.\u201d\u00a0Acta Politica<\/i>\u00a045(1): 158-182.<\/p>\n B\u00f6rzel, T. A.\/ A. Buzog\u00e1ny (2010c). \u201cEnvironmental organisations and the Europeanisation of public policy in Central and Eastern Europe: the case of biodiversity governance.\u201d\u00a0Environmental Politics<\/i>\u00a019(5): 708-735.<\/p>\n Diez, T., Agnantopoulos, A., & Kaliber, A. (2005). File: Turkey, Europeanization and civil society: introduction.\u00a0South European Society and Politics<\/i>,\u00a010<\/i>(1), 1-15.<\/p>\n European Commission\u2019s Progress Report on Turkey, SEC(2008) 2699, Brussels.<\/p>\n European Commission\u2019s Progress Report on Turkey, SEC(2010) 1327, Brussels.<\/p>\n European Commission\u2019s Progress Report on Turkey, SWD(2013) 417, Brussels.<\/p>\n Goetz, K. H. (2005). \u201cThe New Member States and the EU: Responding to Europe.\u201d In The<\/i> Member States of the European Union<\/i>, edited by Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, 254-284. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n G\u00f6ksel, D. N.\/ R. B. G\u00fcne\u015f. (2005). \u201cThe Role of NGOs in the European Integration Process: The Turkish Experience.\u201d South European Society and Politics <\/i>10 (1): 57-72.<\/p>\n Grabbe, H. (2001). \u201cHow does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity.\u201d Journal of European Public Policy <\/i>8 (6): 1013-1031.<\/p>\n Keyman, E. F.\/A.\u0130\u00e7duygu (2003). \u201cGlobalization, Civil Society and Citizenship in Turkey: Actors, Boundaries and Discourses.\u201d Citizenship Studies <\/i>(2): 219.<\/p>\n Knodt, M. (2001). \u201cRegions in Multilevel Governance Arrangements: Leadership Versus Partnership.\u201d In Participatory Governance. Political and Societal Implications<\/i>, edited by J. R. Grote and B. Gbikpi, 177-196: Leske + Budrich.<\/p>\n Kubicek, P. (2011). Political conditionality and European Union\u2019s cultivation of democracy in Turkey.\u00a0Democratization<\/i>,\u00a018<\/i>(4), 910-931.<\/p>\n Kubicek, P. (2005). The European Union and grassroots democratization in Turkey.\u00a0Turkish Studies<\/i>,\u00a06<\/i>(3), 361-377.<\/p>\n Kutter, A. \/ V. Trappmann. (2010). \u201cCivil Society in Central and Eastern Europe: The Ambivalent Legacy of Accession.\u201d Acta Politica <\/i>45 (1-2): 41-69.<\/p>\n Schimmelfennig, F.\/ U. Sedelmeier (2004). \u201cGovernance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.\u201d Journal of European Public Policy <\/i>11 (4): 661-679.<\/p>\n Schimmelfennig, F.\/ U. Sedelmeier (2005). The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe<\/i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.<\/p>\n Sudbery, I. (2010). \u201cThe European Union as a Political Resource: NGOs as Change Agents?\u201d Acta Politica <\/i>45 (1-2): 136-157.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n [1] Kurumlar Direkt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Resmi \u0130statistikler:<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.dernekler.gov.tr\/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=52&Itemid=12&lang=tr<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [2] AB T\u00fcrkiye Delegasyonu websitesi. AB ve sivil toplum \u00fczerine bilgi: \u00a0http:\/\/www.avrupa.info.tr\/en\/eu-and-civil-society.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [3] Avrupa Komisyonu Ekonomik Destek ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sivil Toplumun Geli\u015fmesi 2011-2015 i\u00e7in Yol g\u00f6sterici Prensipler, Br\u00fcksel<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [4] Bu rapor sivil toplum \u00e7evresi kurarak ve dokuz \u00fclkeden datay\u0131 biraraya getirerek kavramsal bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [5] Sivil Toplum \u00d6rg\u00fctleri i\u00e7in teknik destek, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve Bat\u0131 Balkanlarda Sivil Toplum \u00c7evresi raporu: http:\/\/www.tacso.org\/documents\/reports\/?id=1754<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [6] Europeaid, EIDHR T\u00fcrkiye Program\u0131:<\/p>\n http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/europeaid\/what\/human-rights\/documents\/eidhr_2008_projects_in_turkey_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [7] AB Geni\u015fleme, Sivil Toplum Tesisi 2011-2012 \u00dclke Fi\u015fi: T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/enlargement\/pdf\/financial_assistance\/ipa\/2012\/pf_9_csf-tr.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [8] EU AB T\u00fcrkiye Delegasyonu websitesi. AB ve sivil toplum \u00fczerine bilgi: \u00a0http:\/\/www.avrupa.info.tr\/en\/eu-and-civil-society.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [9] T\u00fcrkiye \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekt\u00e7r Vakf\u0131, websitesi: http:\/\/www.tusev.org.tr\/en\/civil-society-law-reform\/monitoring-enabling-environment-for-civil-society-development-project<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [10] T\u00fcrkiye \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekt\u00f6r Vakf\u0131, Balkan Sivil Toplum Geli\u015ftirme A\u011f\u0131 (BCSND) taraf\u0131ndan koordine edilen Sivil Toplum Geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00c7evre Haz\u0131rlama Projesi\u2019ni uygulamaya koyan partner kurulu\u015ftur. Bu proje yasalar ve 3 alt kategoride bunlar\u0131n uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irerek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum geli\u015fimine ortam haz\u0131rlayacak \u00e7evrenin kalitesini incelemektedir. Bu kategoriler: (1) \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin temel yasal garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131; (2) STK\u2019lar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ve finansal yetkinli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7er\u00e7eve; (3) H\u00fck\u00fcmet-STK ili\u015fkisi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [11] Avrupa Komisyonu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcyelik perspektifinden kaynaklanan konular \u00fczerine makale, SEC(2004) 1202, Ekim 6, 2004, 4-6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [12] AB\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 noktal\u0131 politikas\u0131: -ilk nokta T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki politik reform s\u00fcrecini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, ikinci nokta g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f bir metodolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m ile m\u00fczakereleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nokta AB_T\u00fcrkiye diyalo\u011fu hakk\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [13] Sivil Toplum Diyalog Projesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc devresi 2013-2015 y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7inde 9 milyon avro hibe edilecektir.<\/p>\n Sivil Toplum Diyalo\u011fu Projesi, Sivil Toplum Diyalo\u011fu: \u00a0http:\/\/www.csdproject.net\/CivilSocietyDialogue\/AbouttheProgramme.aspx#LiveAccordionContent4712-la<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [14] The People 2 People Programme (P2P),: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/enlargement\/taiex\/p2p\/index_en.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n