{"id":7324,"date":"2022-04-25T00:04:09","date_gmt":"2022-04-24T21:04:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/how-can-eu-overcome-its-structural-problems-an-effective-model\/"},"modified":"2022-06-06T13:09:01","modified_gmt":"2022-06-06T10:09:01","slug":"how-can-eu-overcome-its-structural-problems-an-effective-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/how-can-eu-overcome-its-structural-problems-an-effective-model\/","title":{"rendered":"AB Yap\u0131sal Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l A\u015far? Etkili bir Modelleme"},"content":{"rendered":"

AB Yap\u0131sal Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l A\u015far?
\nEtkili\u00a0Bir Modelleme<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00fcnya siyasetinde Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ni i\u015fleyen bir mekanizma gibi de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131sal bir krizle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan AB i\u00e7in bu iddial\u0131 bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesi. Ancak AB\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yap\u0131sal duruma gelen sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fma yolunda ciddi ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc AB\u2019nin gelecekteki y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, s\u00f6z konusu sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fma yolundaki \u00f6neriler bu i\u015fleyen mekanizman\u0131n var olan di\u015flilerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya feshetmek yerine mevcut yap\u0131n\u0131n verimlili\u011fini ve i\u015flerli\u011fini artt\u0131rmak olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 boyutta (siyasa, siyaset ve y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi boyutunda) siyasalla\u015fma modeli; siyasi tart\u0131\u015fma ve m\u00fczakere ortam\u0131n\u0131 toplumun her boyutuna yayarak bireylerin siyasalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece siyasa alanlar\u0131nda fikir \u00fcretebilen, siyaset ortam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini savunabilen ve y\u00f6netim boyutunda al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran Avrupa halk\u0131n\u0131n aktifle\u015ftirilmesi birbirinin i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7mi\u015f bu alanlardaki hareketi daimi hale getirecek (bu hareketin detayl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 makale i\u00e7inde verilmektedir) ve bu hareket AB\u2019nin yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme konusundaki anahtar\u0131 te\u015fkil edecektir.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/b><\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ni yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k deneyimine bakarak i\u015fleyen bir mekanizma\/makine gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu mekanizma i\u00e7indeki mevcut di\u015fli, devir veya ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (nas\u0131l adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa adland\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131n) i\u015flerlik ve verimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirmek, onlar\u0131 fonksiyonsuz g\u00f6rerek mekanizma d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaktan daha mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6zkonusu makinenin mevcut bir di\u015flisini feshetmek veya ba\u015fka bir di\u015fli ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmek makinenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n fonksiyonunu bozabilir. Her mekanizma zaman i\u00e7erisinde d\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131na, i\u00e7sel ve d\u0131\u015fsal de\u011fi\u015fimlere maruz kalarak aksayabilir. Bu durumda \u00f6ncelikli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 tamir mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla mevcut yap\u0131lar\u0131n uyumsuzluklar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyerek sahip olunan- zaten uzun s\u00fcredir varolan- i\u015flerlerli\u011fi artt\u0131rmak olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda AB\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131na kurumsal mekanizmas\u0131 veya \u00fcyelerin birbiriyle uyumsuzlu\u011fu neden g\u00f6sterilebilir. Bu noktada Triple A grubu diye tan\u0131mlanan bor\u00e7 veren \u00fclkeler ile PIGS1<\/sup> olarak tan\u0131mlanan bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkeler (Portekiz, \u0130talya, Yunanistan, \u0130spanya) aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik u\u00e7urum \u00fcyeler aras\u0131nda bahsedilen uyumsuzlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan, AB\u2019nin yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n entegrasyon sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f politika alanlar\u0131ndaki uygulama yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan (EMU vb.) kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. AB\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131yla ilgili t\u00fcm bu tespitler do\u011frudur; ancak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn mevcut d\u00fczenin \u00fczerine kurulu oldu\u011fu yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde aramas\u0131 (senato olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 vb) do\u011fru ve yeterli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi entegrasyon s\u00fcrecinde, \u00fcyeler supranasyonal b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde adapte olarak ortak politika alanlar\u0131 belirlemi\u015f ve bu alanlarda AB kurumlar\u0131na yetki devri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla AB mekanizmas\u0131, \u00fcyelerin ve ortak politika alanlar\u0131nda kurumlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015fiyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. AB\u2019nin 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015finde geni\u015f reform planlar\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren krizler ya\u015famas\u0131 bu kurulu mekanizman\u0131n di\u015flilerinin (kurumlar\/\u00fcyeler\/ortak politika alanlar\u0131) fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131\/eksikli\u011fini tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7abilir. Ancak bug\u00fcn Avrupa Birli\u011fi olu\u015fturdu\u011fu mekanizma ile demokratik yada demokrasi a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu olan, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i veya e\u015fitsizli\u011fi art\u0131ran, halklar\u0131 nezdince me\u015fru veya de\u011fil, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda tek \u00f6rnek ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde<\/b> ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir projedir. Tart\u0131\u015fma ba\u015fta belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere mekanizman\u0131n nas\u0131l oldu\u011fu, g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi de\u011fil ne oldu\u011fudur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla AB mevcut tekni\u011fini koruyarak entegrasyon s\u00fcrecine devam ederek kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu sorunlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 boyutta<\/b>: siyasa boyutu (policy dimension), siyaset -\u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi- boyutu (politics dimension) ve y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi boyutu (polity dimension), politik m\u00fccadeleyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek<\/b> a\u015fabilir. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm s\u00f6zkonusu 3 boyutta AB\u2019nin apolitik mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 politik m\u00fccadelenin i\u00e7selle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek bir de\u011fi\u015fimdir.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Demokrasiden Demokrasi A\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131na<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Avrupa devletlerinde zararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen populist yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 (rejimin diktatorl\u00fc\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi gb.) kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla ad\u0131na demokrasi denen ama y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve yetkili erklerin demokratik kontrolden yoksun oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u201cdemokratik\u201d rejimler kurulmu\u015ftur. \u0130ki sava\u015f aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki deneyimlere dayananarak, siyasi elitler anayasa mahkemeleri gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kurumsal mekanizmayla desteklenen siyasi yap\u0131lanmaya gitmi\u015flerdir.2<\/sup> Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kurumsal yap\u0131 halk\u0131n egemenli\u011fini k\u0131s\u0131tlayacak ciddi s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirmi\u015ftir. Avrupa Birli\u011fi projesi de bu yakla\u015f\u0131mla kuvvetlendirilmi\u015ftir.3<\/sup> Avrupa\u2019da milliyet\u00e7ilik fikirlerinin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak veya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn olu\u015fumuna sebebiyet verecek olu\u015fumlar Avrupa d\u00fczeyinde supranasyonel kurumlar\u0131n demokratik kontrolden izole edilmesini do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Avrupa\u2019da \u2018birlik\u2019 fikrinin supranasyonel hukuk toplulu\u011funun yarat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle4<\/sup> ve ekonomik ve politik entegrasyonun \u00f6ncelikle ortak yasal prensiplerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla kurulaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.5<\/sup> Ba\u015fka bir yazar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re ise farkl\u0131 ekonomik sosyal ve politik d\u00fczenler aras\u0131nda i\u015fleyi\u015fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir rekabeti sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in demokrasi bir de\u011fer olarak de\u011fil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, iyi y\u00f6netim ve adil kurallar\u0131 temin etmek i\u00e7in te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir.6<\/sup>Bu nedenle demokratik me\u015fruiyeti sa\u011flayacak iki temel prensip:hesap verebilirlik ve temsil ikinci plana itilmi\u015ftir. AB entegrasyon s\u00fcrecine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f bu alg\u0131 ve olu\u015fturulan AB hukuku ne kurumlar\u0131 hesap verebilirlik ilkesine g\u00f6re in\u015fa etmi\u015f ne de halk\u0131n s\u00fcrece aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan AB i\u00e7indeki demokrasi a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131na bu \u00e7er\u00e7eden yakla\u015fmak do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fanan genel olarak para politikalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ulus \u00fcst\u00fc bir kuruma aktar\u0131l\u0131rken maliye politikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcye devletlerde b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilecek Euro kriziyle durumun tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Euro b\u00f6lgesini krizden \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in tabandan gelen tepkilere kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemler varolan yasalara g\u00f6re yasakt\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019da birlik fikrinin destek\u00e7ileri bug\u00fcn gerekenleri yapmak yada AB hukuna uymak aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.7<\/sup> Di\u011fer taraftan son krizle Avrupa karar alma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131 ve halklar\u0131n istekleri aras\u0131nda ciddi bir u\u00e7urum meydana gelmi\u015ftir.8<\/sup> Bu durum bize Dahrendorf\u2019un Berlin duvar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra belirtti\u011fi \u015fu c\u00fcmlesini hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r: 6 hafta\u2019da anayasa yap\u0131labilir; Ekonomik toparlanma 6 y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir; Fakat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sosyal tabana yay\u0131lmas\u0131 60 y\u0131lda meydana gelebilir.9<\/sup> Bu nedenle bug\u00fcn kurulu\u015fundan yakla\u015f\u0131k bu s\u00fcre kadar sonra Avrupal\u0131 entellekt\u00fcellerin ulusal veya Avrupa halk\u0131na d\u00f6nmeleri \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir10<\/sup> ve olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015fen halk\u0131 elitist yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla g\u00f6rmezden gelmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tekrar ayn\u0131 sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmamak i\u00e7in halk iradesi ve elitlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve uygulamalar\u0131 aras\u0131na sa\u011flam bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc kurmak11<\/sup> \u00f6ncelikli tedbir haline gelmi\u015ftir. AB\u2019nin d\u00fcnyadaki ekonomik\/politik g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi, kamuoyunun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in stratejik ad\u0131mlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki siyaset (politics) ve siyasa (policy) aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 Boyutta Siyasalla\u015fma<\/b><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n siyasa alanlar\u0131nda; hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn liberalle\u015fmesi, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji edinimi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, Avrupa\u2019ya ve Avrupa\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7, d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler: ABD, kom\u015fular, kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkeler ve Asya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcyen g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile ili\u015fkiler, ciddi siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerektirmektedir.12<\/sup> Al\u0131nan kararlar siyasi bir m\u00fccadeleden sonra siyasi olarak kazanan ve kaybedenler yaratmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadele ne kadar halk d\u00fczeyine inebilirse AB\u2019nin gelecekteki politik, ekonomik ve sosyal ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 o kadar y\u00fcksek olacakt\u0131r. Siyasi ideolojilerin savunucalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bu m\u00fccadele her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kar grubu (halklar, sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, ticari \u00f6rg\u00fct ve sekt\u00f6rler) aras\u0131nda ve her platformda (AB kurumlar- Komisyon ve Konsey dahil-) te\u015fvik edilmelidir. B\u00f6ylece siyasa boyutundaki tart\u0131\u015fma siyaset boyutundaki m\u00fczakereleri ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda harakete ge\u00e7irece\u011finden siyaset ve siyasa aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclecek, uygulamalar \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde me\u015fru ve hesap verebilir niteli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnecektir. Bununla paralel olarak y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi boyutuna (polity dimension) ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00f6netimdeki t\u00fcm bi\u00e7im ve formlar bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 haline gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in mevcut kurumlar siyasalla\u015facak ve \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu mekanizaman\u0131n di\u015flileri s\u00fcrekli haraketine ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r (\u015eekil 1 de g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi). Bahsedilen siyasalla\u015fma temelde bireyi hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in toplumun ulusal veya supranasyonel de\u011ferlerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup olmamas\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Tek bir Avrupa halk\u0131n\u0131n veya geli\u015fmi\u015f bir Avrupa kamusal alan\u0131n\u0131n mutlak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 bireyin siyasalla\u015fmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmez.<\/p>\n

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Kapal\u0131 kap\u0131lar ard\u0131nda verilen kararlar\u0131n bahsedilen 3 boyutta siyasalla\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u2018Euro krizinde tan\u0131k olunan Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinin d\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131r\u0131m olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi\u201913<\/sup> durumunun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilir. Euro krizinden sonra kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan protestolar\u0131 Avrupa Bahar\u0131 olarak nitelendiren Auer, yeni bir sosyal s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7in meydanlar\u0131 dolduran Avrupa sosyal haraketinin me\u015frulu\u011funu tamamen kaybetmi\u015f neoliberal Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011frataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir.14<\/sup> Bu nedenle farkl\u0131 siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin, ekonomik fikirlerin her boyutta ve her platformda te\u015fvikiyle AB\u2019nin yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine gidilebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnekleyerek \u00fc\u00e7 boyutta siyasalla\u015ft\u0131rma modelini somutla\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekirse pazar entegrasyonu ve liberalizasyon sonucunda kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc maaliyetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi siyasa alanlar\u0131nda veya i\u015fletmelere sosyal ve \u00e7evresel konular\u0131nda ek maaliyet yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, etnik az\u0131nl\u0131klara yeni haklar verilmesi siyasa alanlar\u0131nda halklar kurulacak \u2018\u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00dcnitesiyle\u2019(Cooperation Unit)<\/i> \u00f6rg\u00fctlenerek \u00fcretecekleri siyasal g\u00fcndemleri kurumlara ileterek \u00f6ncelikle siyasa boyutundaki \u00e7arklar\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan siyaset boyutundaki \u00e7arklar\u0131 ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda haraketlendireceklerdir. Bu haraketlenme sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak galip taraf \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc AB kurumlar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla uygulamaya \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7evirecektir: 1980 ve 1990\u2019lardan itibaren kurucu antla\u015fmalarla varolmaya ba\u015flayan kurumlar i\u00e7erisinde siyasi koalisyon kurma potensiyeli15<\/sup> yard\u0131m\u0131yla olu\u015fturulacak ittifaklar sayesinde bu g\u00fcndem Komisyon ve Parlamento\u2019da yasama faaliyetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ve polity boyutundaki \u00e7arklar haraketlenecektir. B\u00f6ylece Avrupa halklar\u0131 siyasa s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnecek veya b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fecek ve ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar a\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.16<\/sup> Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lan bu s\u0131n\u0131rotesi siyasi mekanizma AB\u2019ye g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 gibi AB demoi\u2019sinin (halk\u0131n\u0131n) olu\u015fumuna da katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/b><\/p>\n

Confrontation- cum- legitimisation (kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelme\/ m\u00fccadele yoluyla me\u015fruiyet) kavram\u0131 P\u00e9lebay et al. taraf\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131kta birli\u011fi tan\u0131mlamak ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil te\u015fvikiyle me\u015fruiyet kavram\u0131n\u0131n mevcut d\u00fczene yerle\u015febilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.17<\/sup> Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, bu kavram me\u015fruiyetin; siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edildi\u011fi m\u00fczakereye a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ti\u011fini belirtmektedir. Anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n ve \u015fiddetli tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k getirece\u011fi inanc\u0131yla apolitikle\u015ftirilen halklar, siyaseti tekrar hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirdiklerine AB ile ilgili konularda da s\u00f6z sahibi olabileceklerdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Micheal Freeden\u2019in belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere ama\u00e7, Avrupal\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n ne demek oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmak de\u011fil, her bir bireyin\/ politik akt\u00f6r\u00fcn Avrupa projesinin kendisi i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fini anlamak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.18<\/sup> Avrupal\u0131 bireylerin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmeleri AB\u2019nin entegrasyon s\u00fcrecine, ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi evrelere ve mevcut faaliyetlerine ideolojik ve siyasi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yakla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Avrupa Birli\u011fi kurdu\u011fu mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 zamanlardaki gereksinimlere uyarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizleri atlatarak bug\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6n d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan problemler confrontation cum legitimasation kavram\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131da belirtilen \u00fc\u00e7 boyuta yerle\u015ftirilmesiyle a\u015f\u0131labilir. B\u00f6ylece, bireyler, siyasi akt\u00f6rler ve kurumlar kendi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, derin fakl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 AB\u2019de demoi-cracy i\u00e7in birer girdi olarak sisteme dahil edebilecekler ve zaten haraket eden \u00e7arklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rabilecektir.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, bu \u00f6neriye yap\u0131lacak en muhtemel ele\u015ftiriyi \u00f6nleyici bir haraket olarak belirtmek do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r ki bu \u00f6nerinin nas\u0131l uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 kurumsal yap\u0131lanman\u0131n -fazlas\u0131yla kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde- ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi\u011finden bu makalenin konusu ve hatta amac\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Bilge\u00a0Filiz,\u00a0Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Asistan\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Politika ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi (Research Turkey)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Makaleyi \u015fu \u015fekilde referans vererek kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n

Filiz, Bilge\u00a0(Nisan, 2014), \u201cAB Yap\u0131sal Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l A\u015far? Etkili bir Modelleme\u201d, Cilt III, Say\u0131 4, s.46-50,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Politika ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi (AnalizT\u00fcrkiye), Londra: Analiz T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0<\/em>(http:\/\/researchturkey.org\/?p=5951&lang=tr<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Auer,S.(2013). The End of European Dream? What Future for Europe\u2019s constrained democracy? Eurozine.<\/i>http:\/\/www.eurozine.com\/articles\/2013-02-22-auer-en.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Dahrendorf (2001). Lacroix,J & Nicolaidis, K. (2010) European Stories: An Introduction European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press.<\/i> ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n

Garton Ash. (2004) in Liebert, U. (2010) Contentious European Democracy. Lacroix,J & Nicolaidis, K. (edt) European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n

Hix, S. (2008). What\u2019s Wrong with European Union and How to Fix it? Polity Press<\/i>ISBN: 978-07456-4204-8<\/p>\n

Lacroix,J & Nicolaidis, K. (edt) European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n

Liebert, U. (2010) Contentious European Democracy. Lacroix,J & Nicolaidis, K. (edt) European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n

Offe, C. (2013). Europe in Trap. Eurozine<\/i>. http:\/\/www.eurozine.com\/articles\/2013-02-06-offe-en.html<\/a><\/p>\n

P\u00e9lebay,J & Niclodaidis,K & Lacroix, J. (2010). Conclusion Echoes and Polyphony. In Praise of Europe\u2019s Narrative Diversity. European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n

Zielonka, J. (2013). European Foreign Policy and the Euro-crisis. European University Institute. Robert Schuman Centre for Advances Studies <\/i>2013\/13<\/p>\n

http:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/26339\/RSCAS_2013_23.pdf?sequence=1<\/a><\/p>\n

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1<\/a>Zielonka, J. (2013). European Foreign Policy and the Euro-crisis. European University Institute. Robert Schuman Centre for Advances Studies <\/i>2013\/13<\/p>\n

http:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/26339\/RSCAS_2013_23.pdf?sequence=1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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2<\/a>Auer,S.(2013). The End of European Dream? What Future for Europe\u2019s constrained democracy? Eurozine.<\/i>http:\/\/www.eurozine.com\/articles\/2013-02-22-auer-en.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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3<\/a>Age s.7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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4<\/a>Hix, S. (2008). What\u2019s Wrong with European Union and How to Fix it? Polity Press<\/i>ISBN: 978-07456-4204-8<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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5<\/a>Liebert, U. (2010) Contentious European Democracy. Lacroix,J & Nicolaidis, K. (edt) European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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6<\/a>Garton Ash. (2004). A.g.e s. 63.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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7<\/a>Offe, C. (2013). Europe in Trap. Eurozine<\/i>. http:\/\/www.eurozine.com\/articles\/2013-02-06-offe-en.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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8<\/a>A.g.e<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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9<\/a>Dahrendorf. (2001). Lacroix,J & Nicolaidis, K. (2010) European Stories: An Introduction. European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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10<\/a>A.g.e<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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11<\/a>Offe, C. (2013).A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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12<\/a>Hix, S. (2008). A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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13<\/a>Offe, C. (2013).A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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14<\/a>Auer,S.(2013). A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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15<\/a>Hix, S. (2008). A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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16<\/a>A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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17<\/a>P\u00e9lebay,J & Niclodaidis,K & Lacroix, J. (2010). Conclusion Echoes and Polyphony. In Praise of Europe\u2019s Narrative Diversity. European Stories Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford University Press<\/i>. ISBN:978-0-19-959462-7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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18<\/a>A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AB Yap\u0131sal Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l A\u015far? Etkili\u00a0Bir Modelleme \u00d6zet D\u00fcnya siyasetinde Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ni i\u015fleyen bir mekanizma gibi de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131sal bir krizle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan AB i\u00e7in bu iddial\u0131 bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesi. Ancak AB\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yap\u0131sal duruma gelen sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fma yolunda ciddi ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc AB\u2019nin gelecekteki y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":7278,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[214,215,217],"tags":[230,231,232,233,234,235,236],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7324"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/265"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7324"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8676,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7324\/revisions\/8676"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7278"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7324"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}