{"id":7423,"date":"2022-01-25T19:53:01","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T16:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/women-without-men-in-turkey\/"},"modified":"2022-06-07T13:40:48","modified_gmt":"2022-06-07T10:40:48","slug":"women-without-men-in-turkey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/women-without-men-in-turkey\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cErkeksiz\u201d Kad\u0131nlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cErkeksiz\u201d Kad\u0131nlar<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

Burcu Yakut-\u00c7akar, Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi[1]<\/a> and \u015eemsa \u00d6zar, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi[2]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bo\u015fanan, dul kalan, terk edilen ya da e\u015fini terk eden, e\u015fi cezaevine giren, yani bir bi\u00e7imde birlikte olduklar\u0131 erkekler ya\u015famlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar, daha \u00f6nceki ya\u015famlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir hayata ad\u0131m at\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n i\u00e7in bu yeni hayat hem maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle m\u00fccadele etmek hem de\u00a0 g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse her an\u0131nda ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7eren toplumsal yarg\u0131larla ba\u015f etmek durumunda kalmak anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

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Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma notunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu durumda olan \u201cerkeksiz\u201d kad\u0131nlar\u0131n durumunu irdeleyece\u011fiz[3]<\/a>. Bir d\u00f6nem \u201cbir erke\u011fin e\u015fi\u201d olma stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunurken, vefat, bo\u015fanma, terk edilme, cezaevine girme gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle erkeklerin hayatlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n asl\u0131nda toplumun geneline hakim olan kad\u0131n alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u015fifre etme konusunda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Bunun en temel nedeni kad\u0131na aile i\u00e7inde \u201canne\u201d ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi \u201ce\u015f\u201d kimlikleri \u00fczerinden bir stat\u00fc verildi\u011finden aile i\u00e7inde ya\u015farken toplumsal konumlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131yor olmas\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kad\u0131n\u0131n erke\u011fe olan ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 aile i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez iken, bo\u015fanma sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kararak bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat\u0131 ortaya seriyor. Sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011fil, neredeyse t\u00fcm toplumlarda, kad\u0131n\u0131n evi ge\u00e7indirmek durumunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haneler, \u00f6zellikle de yaln\u0131z anneler ve ya\u015fl\u0131 dul kad\u0131nlar, hanenin ge\u00e7iminin bir erkek taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek yoksulluk riski ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yor oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz (\u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclke \u00f6rnekleri i\u00e7in bkz. Goldberg and Kremen, 1990; Chant, 2003; G\u00fcn\u00e7avd\u0131 and Selim, 2009, G\u00f6koval\u0131 and Dan\u0131\u015fman-I\u015f\u0131k, 2010). Dahas\u0131, namus meselesinde de benzer bir durum s\u00f6z konusu: \u201cdul kad\u0131n kolay kad\u0131nd\u0131r\u201d deyi\u015finde oldu\u011fu gibi, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u201cnamussuzlu\u011fu\u201d genellikle yan\u0131nda erkek yoksa dillendirilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kad\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131nda erke\u011fin art\u0131k bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kimli\u011finin birinin e\u015fi olarak tan\u0131mlanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yani \u201csadece kad\u0131n\u201d oldu\u011fu haller hem kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi yoksunluk durumunu ortaya seriyor hem de toplumun kad\u0131nlar bak\u0131\u015f\u0131na ayna tutuyor.<\/p>\n

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Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 bu yeni ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda kamu kurumlar\u0131ndan da ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 destekleri alabildiklerini de s\u00f6yleyemiyoruz. Erkeksiz kad\u0131nlar \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00fczerinden toplumsal yarg\u0131 ve tutumlar\u0131n refah sisteminin ayr\u0131mc\u0131 niteli\u011fini bir yandan \u015fekillendirirken di\u011fer yandan da bu yarg\u0131 ve tutumlar\u0131n refah sisteminin kendisi taraf\u0131ndan peki\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de erkeksiz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n nas\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 temel alana bakarak anlamay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor[4]<\/a>: (i) aile i\u00e7i cinsiyet temelli i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc; (ii) evlilik ile aile ili\u015fkileri; ve (iii) kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fccretli i\u015fe eri\u015fimi. Bu alanlarda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmenin temelde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zerk haneler kurabilecek ve bunu iktisadi olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecek durumda olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik, toplumsal cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fini g\u00f6zeten bir kamu politikas\u0131 eliyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini\u00a0 savunuyoruz (Orloff, 1993: 319).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Orloff\u2019un \u00dc\u00e7lemesinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130zleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aile i\u00e7i cinsiyet temelli i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlara parasal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan ev i\u015fleri ve t\u00fcm ailenin bak\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hizmetleri yerine getirmek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de aile i\u00e7i ili\u015fkilere ve toplumsal ya\u015fama hakim olan erkek egemen yap\u0131, kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin do\u011fu\u015ftan sahip olduklar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klara uygun roller \u00fcstlendi\u011fi yarg\u0131s\u0131ndan hareketle bu durumu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131 Zaman Kullan\u0131m Anketi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fcn ortalama 5 saat 17 dakikas\u0131n\u0131 hane bak\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r, \u00fct\u00fc gibi faaliyetleri kapsayan hane halk\u0131 ve ev bak\u0131m\u0131yla ge\u00e7irirken, aile i\u00e7i i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, daha \u00e7ok in\u015faat, tamirat gibi i\u015fler yapan erkekler i\u00e7in bu s\u00fcre ortalama olarak g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde 51 dakika (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2007). Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n maddi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan ev i\u015flerini y\u00fcklendikleri cinsiyet temelli i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin ya\u015fam boyu elde ettikleri birikimlerine de yans\u0131yor. Aile Yap\u0131s\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re aile i\u00e7indeki mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 son derece e\u015fitsiz: kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 80,2\u2019sinin ne bir gayrimenkul\u00fc ne de arac\u0131 mevcut iken erkeklerin aras\u0131nda ise bu oran y\u00fczde 39,6 (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2006: 3).<\/p>\n

Evlilik ve aile ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplumsal yap\u0131lanman\u0131n ba\u015fat kurumu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen aile kutsal bir kurum ve her ko\u015fulda aile birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bekleniyor. Ailenin \u201cbekas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in ise kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zveride bulunmas\u0131 normalle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir de\u011fer durumunda. Di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de son y\u0131llarda bo\u015fanma oranlar\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f olsa da, \u00fclkeleraras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki bo\u015fanma oranlar\u0131 halen alt s\u0131ralarda \u2013 bo\u015fanma oranlar\u0131n\u0131n AB-27 ortalamas\u0131 binde 2 iken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu oran binde 1.59 (EUROSTAT, 2010). Bu konuda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re, bo\u015fanma nedenleri aras\u0131nda kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen psikolojik ve\/veya fiziksel \u015fiddet \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyor. Bununla birlikte, bulgular evlilik i\u00e7i \u015fiddetin erkeklerin e\u011fitim, meslek ve gelir d\u00fczeylerine g\u00f6re bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermedi\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

Aile i\u00e7i cinsiyet temelli i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kat\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tezah\u00fcr\u00fc neticesinde t\u00fcm ailenin bak\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hizmetleri yerine getirme vazifesinin kad\u0131nlara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bu hizmetleri kar\u015f\u0131layacak kre\u015f, yuva, ya\u015fl\u0131lar evi gibi kamusal d\u00fczenlemelerin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, gelir getirici i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale geliyor. Nitekim T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 27 dolaylar\u0131nda \u2013 ya\u015f gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in 20\u2019li ya\u015flarda g\u00f6reli olarak y\u00fckseldi\u011fini, evlenme ve do\u011fum sonras\u0131 ise \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini not d\u00fc\u015fmekte yarar var. Bununla birlikte i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 milyon kad\u0131n ise \u201cev kad\u0131n\u0131\u201d. \u0130stihdamdaki n\u00fcfusa bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toplam istihdam\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 30\u2019u kad\u0131n ve bunlar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131, tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde ise \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kapsam\u0131ndan yoksun bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2012). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ev i\u00e7indeki e\u015fitsiz i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn emek piyasas\u0131nda da kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmas\u0131 sonucunda kad\u0131nlar k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullarda ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundan kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Orloff\u2019un yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7er\u00e7evenin \u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131 birbiriyle ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ortaya kutsal aile ba\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bak\u0131m hizmetleri veren ve ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinin neredeyse her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ko\u015fulu erkekle birlikteli\u011fine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan kad\u0131nlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Evin gelir getiren erkekleri aile ya\u015famlar\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcm, bo\u015fanma, terk gibi bir nedenle \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 durumda, kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla birlikte, kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilecek, evin ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flayabilecek olanaklardan yoksun kalarak, apans\u0131z bir yoksulla\u015fma i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015febiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7im m\u00fccadelesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131m\u0131z, \u201cerkeksiz\u201d kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n birbiriyle olduk\u00e7a ilintili ve etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu haneler, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan yiyecek, yakacak, giyecek, ev e\u015fyas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi gibi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dahi kar\u015f\u0131layamayacak durumda olan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli haneler. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu haneler ciddi anlamda bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda \u2013 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun bakkal, kasap gibi esnafa bor\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmeleri temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00f6zlemi peki\u015ftiriyor. \u00d6te yandan kira, elektrik-su faturalar\u0131 gibi bar\u0131nma ile ilgili sorunlar, \u00f6zellikle de \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve ya\u015f\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklarla yaln\u0131z kalan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen ya\u015famsal sorunlar olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u201c450 TL veriyorum kiraya, e\u011fer beni bu ay \u00e7\u0131karmazsa kiraya zam da olacak, alt\u0131 ayd\u0131r da vermemi\u015fim, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn art\u0131k nereden getirecem bilmiyorum… Bu pahal\u0131l\u0131kta be\u015f \u00f6\u011frenci ile ge\u00e7inmek \u00e7ok zor, bunu g\u00f6rmeyen anlayamaz bence.\u201d (33 ya\u015f, e\u015fi cezaevinde, \u0130stanbul)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cEvim kira, ceryan\u0131m\u0131 \u015fu anda ka\u00e7ak kullan\u0131yorum.. \u0130ki ayl\u0131k kira borcum var, ev sahibi gelip ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bir\u015fey diyemiyorum… T\u00fcp\u00fcn bitiyor, 3-4 g\u00fcn t\u00fcp dolduram\u0131yorsun, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ne sunacaks\u0131n??… Yeri geldi har\u00e7l\u0131k veremedim, okula gitmek istemedi.\u201d (30 ya\u015f, dul, Bursa)<\/em><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da da de\u011findi\u011fimiz \u00fczere, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile birlikte kalan kad\u0131nlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n masraf\u0131 kadar bak\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fc nedeniyle gelir getirici i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir sorun olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.\u00a0 \u00d6zellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olan kad\u0131nlar eve i\u015f alarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 i\u015fler yap\u0131yor ya da g\u00fcndeli\u011fe gitme, mahalledeki apartmanlar\u0131n merdivenlerini silme gibi g\u00fcvencesiz i\u015flerde, zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6te yandan evlili\u011fin \u00f6zellikle aile i\u00e7i i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn gere\u011fi olarak kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesinin \u00f6nemli bir nedeni olmas\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n bir safhas\u0131nda zor durumda kald\u0131klar\u0131nda tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in i\u015f arad\u0131klar\u0131nda i\u015f tecr\u00fcbeleri olmamas\u0131, meslek edinememi\u015f olmalar\u0131 gibi nedenlerle dezavantajl\u0131 konuma d\u00fc\u015fmelerine neden oluyor. \u0130yi e\u011fitimli olanlar\u0131n bile sosyal g\u00fcvencesi olan i\u015f imkanlar\u0131na eri\u015femedikleri ve evin ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015fler yapmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemledik.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u201cBen merdiven siliyorum, temizli\u011fe de gidiyorum, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131m da boncuk i\u015fi yap\u0131yor ama g\u00fcnde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 10 TL\u2019yi ge\u00e7mez ama her g\u00fcn de olmuyor.\u201d (30 ya\u015f, e\u015fi terk etmi\u015f, \u0130stanbul)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201c11 senedir \u00f6n\u00fcme ne i\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ysa yapt\u0131m… \u00dcniversite mezunu insan gittim merdiven sildim, geceli g\u00fcnd\u00fczl\u00fc konfeksiyona gittim, evde boncuk i\u015fi yapt\u0131m, el i\u015fi \u015fallar yapt\u0131m, t\u00fclbentler \u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bo\u015f ge\u00e7iremezdim \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ev benden ekmek bekliyordu… Bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc sigortal\u0131 i\u015f bulamad\u0131m, hep b\u00f6yle yar\u0131m g\u00fcnl\u00fck, ev temizli\u011fi… Evlenmeden \u00f6nce muhasebeci olarak \u015firkette \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ama ne zaman evlendim, kocam \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131, o zaman \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsayd\u0131m b\u00f6yle muhta\u00e7 olmazd\u0131m, kendisinin do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst d\u00fczenli bir i\u015fi de yoktu… \u015eu an merdiven siliyorum, d\u00f6rt tane merdivenim var, toplam 300 TL gelirim var ayda yakla\u015f\u0131k…\u201d (42 ya\u015f, e\u015fi vefat etmi\u015f, \u0130stanbul)<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131nda kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n bir a\u015famas\u0131nda ailenin ge\u00e7imini y\u00fcklenmek durumunda kalan \u201cerkeksiz\u201d kad\u0131nlar\u0131 iki kez vuruyor: hem kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kendilerinin sosyal g\u00fcvenceli i\u015fler bulamamalar\u0131, hem de vefat eden e\u015flerin sosyal g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bir gelir olmadan ve her an yoksulluk riski alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerine neden oluyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan kad\u0131nlara istihdam olanaklar\u0131 sa\u011flamaktan sorumlu kurumlar\u0131n da \u00e7ok etkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlara hanelerin \u00f6zerk bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesine olanak sa\u011flayabilecek deste\u011fi sunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zlemledik. Nitekim, meslek edindirmeye y\u00f6nelik olarak sunulan kurs faaliyetlerinde ya kad\u0131nlara nitelik itibariyle uygun olmayan programlar sunuluyor ya da kad\u0131n i\u015fi olarak nitelendirilebilecek \u201cel i\u015fi, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131, kuaf\u00f6rl\u00fck\u201d gibi kurslar ile kat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hem hayata hem de daha iyi gelir getirecek i\u015flere kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak s\u00f6z konusu olam\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201c…kalite kontrolde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum, sigorta falan yok, haftal\u0131k 150 TL, sigortam yok, patron yapar\u0131z ama yar\u0131s\u0131 senden yar\u0131s\u0131 benden diyor, ben \u00f6deyemem, zam yapmasa da g\u00fcn\u00fcmde param\u0131 alabiliyorum..\u201d(35 ya\u015f, bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, \u0130stanbul)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cE\u015fim \u015fof\u00f6rd\u00fc, sigortas\u0131 yoktu, olsayd\u0131 hi\u00e7 olmazsa bu duruma d\u00fc\u015fmezdik en az\u0131ndan… Ben hi\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131m, mide ameliyat\u0131 da ge\u00e7irdim.\u201d (35 ya\u015f, dul, Bursa)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Toplumun damgalay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ev i\u00e7inde bak\u0131m hizmetlerinden sorumlu k\u0131lan i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve\u00a0 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131ndaki k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olanaklar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplumun evde erkek olmadan ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 tutumu ve de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kendi ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7imleri ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde durdu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerimizden birinin ifadesiyle:<\/p>\n

\u201cMaddiyat\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar var. Dul kad\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131. Dul kad\u0131n her zaman dul kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Namusu yoktur. Mutlaka bir namussuzluk yapar zihniyeti var toplumda.\u201d (42 ya\u015f, dul, \u0130stanbul).<\/em><\/p>\n

Toplumun bu kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131n zaten var olan maddi sorunlar\u0131na da olumsuz olarak yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zlemledik. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ev sahiplerinin \u201ce\u015fi olmayan\u201d kad\u0131nlara ev vermek istemedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getirildi. \u00d6te yandan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u201cnamus\u201dlar\u0131na herhangi bir \u201cleke\u201d gelmesin diye davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kendi kendilerine s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

\u201cYani ben o \u015feyi vermemi\u015fimdir kendi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131mca. Yok, ben fazla \u00f6yle d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmam evden i\u015fe, i\u015ften eve. Etraf beni o kadar ilgilendirmiyor… Baz\u0131 insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcm\u00fczde. \u00dcst\u00fcmde oldu\u011funu tahmin edebiliyorum yani. Kendin ka\u00e7mak zorundas\u0131n.\u201d (46 ya\u015f, bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, Trabzon)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir yer g\u00fcvenli de\u011fil<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cErkeksiz\u201d kad\u0131nlar ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015flerinden, kendi ailelerinden ve akrabalar\u0131ndan, eski e\u015flerinin ailesi ve akrabalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 olarak, taciz, \u015fiddet ve istismara maruz kal\u0131yorlar. Toplumun kad\u0131na uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolayl\u0131 \u015fiddet, \u015fiddetli ge\u00e7imsizlik nedeniyle ayr\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bo\u015fanma davalar\u0131 s\u00fcren e\u015finden dayak yedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015fik\u00e2yete gitti\u011finde karakol \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan tekrar d\u00f6v\u00fclen, daha sonra da kay\u0131nbiraderinden de dayak yiyen kad\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, \u015fik\u00e2yet mercii olarak gidilen karakolda polislerin \u201ckar\u0131-koca aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bu konular\u0131n su\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131 s\u00f6yleyip \u015fik\u00e2yetini kabul etmemesi[5]<\/a> gibi tutumlarla tezah\u00fcr ediyor.\u00a0 Do\u011frudan \u015fiddet ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan, kendi ailesinden ya da e\u015finden\/e\u015finin ailesinden geliyor:<\/p>\n

\u201cKaynana bir yerden d\u00f6vd\u00fc, kocam bir yerden d\u00f6vd\u00fc. Karn\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6rsen hep kesik.. \u00c7ocu\u011fum olmuyor diye oraya g\u00f6t\u00fcr, buraya g\u00f6t\u00fcr, o dedi \u015fu, bu dedi bu. Senin olmuyor dedi. Bir defa da demedi ki kaynanam o\u011flumu g\u00f6t\u00fcreyim demedi. Aradan 9 y\u0131l sonra ayr\u0131ld\u0131k. Her \u015feye ra\u011fmen, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye kalk\u0131yordu, yast\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcme kapat\u0131yordu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye kalk\u0131yordu. Neden yap\u0131yorsun? E senin \u00e7ocu\u011fun olmuyor. E o zaman b\u0131rak beni. B\u0131rakmazd\u0131 da. Aileme d\u00f6nmek istedim babam kabul etmedi. Bizde bo\u015fanan yok dedi \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 i\u00e7inden.\u201d (45 ya\u015f, bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, Denizli) <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cKoca oldu\u011funda daha k\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc, \u015fiddet de vard\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamazl\u0131k da vard\u0131, (\u00e7eviri yapan kom\u015fu kad\u0131n): \u201c\u015fikayet etmiyor, bir de ayr\u0131yeten kayn\u0131, kaynanas\u0131, kaynatas\u0131 filan da onlardan da \u015fiddet g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in kime \u015fikayet etsin ki? Babas\u0131gile gidince de daha k\u00f6t\u00fc oluyor, aileme zarar veriyorlar gibi. Zaten bir keresinde \u015fiddet uygulam\u0131\u015flar baya\u011f\u0131 bir k\u00f6t\u00fc yapm\u0131\u015flar bunun ailesi gelmi\u015f almaya… Bunun e\u015fi de eline alm\u0131\u015f silah\u0131, ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, kar\u0131m\u0131 alamazs\u0131n\u0131z diye.. Bu da korkmu\u015f gitmiyorum demi\u015f\u201d\u201d (23 ya\u015f, e\u015fi cezaevinde, \u0130stanbul)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eiddet g\u00f6ren kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in kad\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma evleri mevcut ancak bu kurumlarda kalma s\u00fcresinin k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu s\u00fcrenin sonunda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile beraber, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecek maddi ko\u015fullara sahip olmayarak d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalmas\u0131, bu kurumlar\u0131 halihaz\u0131rdaki i\u015fleyi\u015f bi\u00e7imleriyle soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunmaktan uzak k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ailenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fam yok<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da zaman zaman al\u0131nt\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tan\u0131kl\u0131klardan da izlenebilece\u011fi \u00fczere, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de aile i\u00e7inde ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kad\u0131n ve erkeklere bi\u00e7ilen roller ile birlikte emek piyasas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi, \u201cerkeksiz\u201d kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tek ba\u015flar\u0131na ya da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla birlikte bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecekleri zemini tesis etmekten olduk\u00e7a uzak. Dahas\u0131, \u00fclkedeki gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sosyal g\u00fcvenceden yoksun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumsal cinsiyet e\u015fitsizlikleri ile ayr\u0131mc\u0131 uygulamalar kad\u0131nlar\u0131 hemen her alanda k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 bir\u00e7ok dinami\u011fi tetikliyor. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u201cerke\u011fe ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmayan\u201d, \u00f6zerk bireyler olarak kendi tercihleri do\u011frultusunda bir ya\u015fam kurmalar\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri ciddi anlamda zor.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan kamu politikalar\u0131 bir yandan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 son derece g\u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fullarda s\u00fcrd\u00fcren kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 en acil bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6zmeye y\u00f6nelik nitelikte olmal\u0131, di\u011fer yandan ise kad\u0131n\u0131n bir erke\u011fe ya da aileye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmadan, \u00f6zerk bir birey olarak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131. Sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra onlar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aramak yerine, bu sorunlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olan toplumsal yap\u0131 ve ili\u015fkileri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar \u00fcretilmesinin gerek toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n gelece\u011fi gerek kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n etkin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nisan 2012\u2019de ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanarak yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 alt\u0131nda geliri olan ve sosyal g\u00fcvencesi olmayan dul kad\u0131nlara bir nakit transferi program\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Program T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu profile uyan 150.000 dul kad\u0131n\u0131 hedefliyor ancak, ayn\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 durumda oldu\u011funu belirtti\u011fi 20 bin bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f kad\u0131n gibi di\u011fer \u201cerkeksiz\u201d kad\u0131nlar\u0131 sosyal destek program\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131yor (\u00d6zar vd. 2011).<\/p>\n

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Burada sosyal deste\u011fin sadece dul kad\u0131nlara veriliyor olmas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki zihniyeti tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7may\u0131 \u00f6nemli buluyoruz. Dullar, kategorik yoksulluk i\u00e7inde korunmaya muhta\u00e7 ve korunmay\u0131 hak edenler olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cevin erke\u011fi\u201d \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olsa da bir anlamda \u201caile\u201d var olmaya devam ediyor. Oysa, bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015flar, yani aile normunun iradi olarak d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kanlar, kamu politikas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yok say\u0131larak cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Kamuda bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 kamu politikas\u0131 eliyle d\u00fczeltmenin bo\u015fanmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik edece\u011fi korkusu hakim. \u00d6zetle, bo\u015fanan, dul kalan, terk edilen\/e\u015fini terk eden, e\u015fi cezaevine giren, yani birlikte olduklar\u0131 erkekler bir bi\u00e7imde ya\u015famlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu yaz\u0131da betimlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z durumu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kamunun zihniyeti, toplumsal de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 ve piyasan\u0131n birbiriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f bi\u00e7imde, kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131 ve e\u015fitsiz tutumu yeniden \u00fcretti\u011fini, destekledi\u011fini ve peki\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

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KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chant, S. (2003) \u201cFemale Household Headship and the Feminisation of Poverty: Facts, Fictions and Forward Strategies\u201d, New Working Paper Series 9<\/em>, Londra: LSE Gender Institute.<\/p>\n

EUROSTAT (2010) Marriage and Divorce Statistics (Evlilik ve Bo\u015fanma \u0130statistikleri).<\/em>Online eri\u015fim (14.07.2011): http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/statistics_explained\/index.php?title=File:Crude_divorce_rate_%281%29_%28per_1%A0000_inhabitants%29.png&filetimestamp=20110303071301<\/a><\/p>\n

Goldberg, G. S. ve Kremen, E. (1990) The Feminization of Poverty: Only in America?<\/em> New York: Praeger.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6koval\u0131, \u00dc. ve Dan\u0131\u015fman-I\u015f\u0131k, A. (2010) \u201cFeminization of Poverty: Does it Really Exist in Turkey\u201d, New Perspectives on Turkey<\/em>, 42, 179-201.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00e7avd\u0131, \u00d6. ve Selim, R. (2009) \u201cOpenness to Trade and the Poverty of Female-Headed Households in Turkey\u201d, D. Basu (der.) Advances in Development Economics <\/em>i\u00e7inde (ss.187-210). Londra: World Scientific Publishing Co.<\/p>\n

Orloff, A.S. (1993) \u201cGender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States\u201d, American Sociological Review<\/em>, 58(3), 303-328.<\/p>\n

Ozar, S., Yakut-Cakar, B. , Yilmaz, V., Orhon, A. ve Gumus, P. (2011) E\u015fi esearch Project for the Development of a Cash Transfer Program for Widowed Women – Final Report<\/em>. Ankara: SYDGM.<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K (2006) Aile Yap\u0131s\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/em>. Ankara: T\u00dc\u0130K.<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K (2007) \u201c2006 Zaman Kullan\u0131m Anketi Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d, Haber B\u00fclteni<\/em>, No: 119 (25 Temmuz).<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K (2012) Hanehalk\u0131 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc Anketi Veritaban\u0131<\/em>. www.tuik.gov.tr<\/a><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi, burcu.yakut@boun.edu.tr<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi, ozar@boun.edu.tr<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Buradaki g\u00f6zlemlerimiz, 18-65 ya\u015f grubu kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye genelini temsili nitelikte 1220 bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve e\u015fi vefat etmi\u015f olan kad\u0131nla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile 6 ilde bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, dul kalm\u0131\u015f, terkedilmi\u015f ve e\u015fi cezevinde olan kad\u0131nlarla yap\u0131lan derinlemesine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden derlenen ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Volkan Y\u0131lmaz, Asl\u0131 Orhon ve P\u0131nar G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ile birlikte tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve \u0130ngilizce olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporuna http:\/\/www.spf.boun.edu.tr\/content_files\/SPF-SYDGM_NihaiRapor.pdf<\/a> adresinden eri\u015filebilir.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi olu\u015ftururken Ann Orloff\u2019un kamu politikalar\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n\u0131n toplum i\u00e7erisindeki yerini e\u015fitsizli\u011fi giderici ya da peki\u015ftirici nitelikte etkileyerek toplumsal cinsiyet e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ile halihaz\u0131rda ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011funu ifade eden yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bize yol g\u00f6sterici oldu (detaylar i\u00e7in bkz. Orloff,\u00a0 Ann S. (1993) Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States, American Sociological Review<\/em>, 58(3), 303-328). Orloff, bu ili\u015fkilenmenin \u00fc\u00e7 temel alan \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte oldu\u011funu belirtir, biz de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n teorik arkaplan\u0131n\u0131 bu yakla\u015f\u0131m \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fekillendirdik.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Milliyet, http:\/\/www.milliyet.com.tr\/bir-gunde-3-kez-dayak-yiyen-kadin-polislerden-de-sikayetci-oldu\/turkiye\/sondakikaarsiv\/13.09.2010\/1278437\/default.htm<\/a>\u00a0 (19 A\u011fustos 2010)<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cErkeksiz\u201d Kad\u0131nlar Burcu Yakut-\u00c7akar, Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi[1] and \u015eemsa \u00d6zar, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi[2] Bo\u015fanan, dul kalan, terk edilen ya da e\u015fini terk eden, e\u015fi cezaevine giren, yani bir bi\u00e7imde birlikte olduklar\u0131 erkekler ya\u015famlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar, daha \u00f6nceki ya\u015famlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir hayata ad\u0131m at\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n i\u00e7in bu yeni hayat hem maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":224,"featured_media":8754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[238],"tags":[205,206,207,208],"class_list":["post-7423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-researchpolicy-papers-tr","tag-article-2-tr","tag-dual-language-2-tr","tag-latests-tr","tag-main-page-tr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/224"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7423"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8756,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7423\/revisions\/8756"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.researchturkey.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}